International Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities (IJRSS) ISSN:2582-6220, DOI: 10.47505/IJRSS
International Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities (IJRSS) is open access, double-blind peer-reviewed, an international journal published in English. The IJRSS Journal is the Social Science and humanities journal with e-ISSN: 2582-6220, and DOI: 10.47505/IJRSS publishes original research articles, review articles, and letters to the editor. IIJRSS provides wider sharing of knowledge and the acceleration of research, and is thus in the best interest of authors, potential readers, and increases the availability, accessibility, visibility and impact of the papers, and the journal as a whole. The IJRSS focusing on theories, methods, and applications of Social Science and humanities research, increasing academic prosperity, and fostering international academic exchange and cooperation. This journal provides a platform for sharing the latest high-quality research concerning Social Science and humanities research. It is our immense pleasure to introduce the International Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities (IJRSS), Social Sciences Journal to cater to the publication needs of teachers, scientists, scholars, students, and professionals. We thank all the resources with us, in the form of an eminent advisory board and editorial board for all their cooperation and enthusiastic involvement in this blooming endeavor.
Machine Learning for Systemic Risk Prediction in FinTech Lending: A Cross-Country Analysis Using Public Data
FinTech lending has grown rapidly to nearly $800 billion globally, yet systemic risk assessment within these markets remains largely understudied. Most existing research focuses on individual loan defaults rather than system-wide stability threats. This paper develops and validates a methodological framework for predicting systemic risk in FinTech lending markets using exclusively public data sources. The research demonstrates the approach through a comparative analysis of gradient boosting ensemble methods (XGBoost, LightGBM) against traditional early warning indicators across developed and emerging markets. Using the BIS FinTech Credit Database, IMF Financial Access Survey data (2004-2023), and platform-level information from regulatory sources, we construct a FinTech Systemic Stress Index and test the predictive accuracy of machine learning models. XGBoost achieves AUC scores of 0.82-0.87 in developed markets but shows 15-23 percentage point accuracy degradation when applied to emerging markets without retraining. Network centrality measures and funding concentration ratios emerge as the strongest predictors of systemic stress, explaining 45-62% of variance. Models trained on developed market data require substantial feature reweighting to transfer effectively to developing economies, where alternative data sources and regulatory regime indicators become critical. The methodology enables rigorous systemic risk analysis without requiring proprietary platform partnerships, offering particular value for regulators and researchers in data-restrictive environments. We provide replication code and detailed guidance for applying the framework across different market contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abayomi Oluwaseun JAPINYE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Social Meaning of Law in Land Dispute Resolution Decisions At the State Administrative Court
This study aims to examine the socio-legal meaning of the decisions of the Surabaya State Administrative Court (PTUN), focusing on the social construction of law and the interpretation of the decisions by legal actors and the public. Furthermore, this study analyzes the social, cultural, political, and legal factors that influence judges' considerations in deciding land dispute case No. 33/G/2025/PTUN.SBY. The approach used is qualitative-descriptive, using legal discourse analysis and social interpretation methods. Data were obtained through a study of decision documents, in-depth interviews with judges, plaintiffs, advocates, and related parties, and observations of the trial process. The analysis was conducted thematically, integrating four main theories: social justice theory (John Rawls, Amartya Sen, Nancy Fraser), legal pluralism theory (Sally Engle Merry, John Griffiths), symbolic interaction theory (Herbert Blumer), and structuration theory (Anthony Giddens). The results indicate that the socio-legal construction in the Surabaya PTUN decisions reflects an integration of positive law and human values. Judges not only uphold legal certainty but also deliver substantive justice by considering public morality and social welfare. Meanwhile, the interpretation of decisions by legal actors and society demonstrates that justice is not solely determined by legal texts, but also by social experiences, symbolic communication, and the sense of humanity felt during the judicial process. The interaction process in the courtroom is a crucial arena in establishing the social legitimacy of the law, where the feeling of being heard and treated fairly becomes a moral symbol of living law. From the perspective of social, cultural, political, and legal factors, it was found that social inequality between citizens and the government remains a major challenge in accessing administrative justice. Nevertheless, judges act as moral agents and power mediators, balancing rigid legal structures with dynamic social needs through reflective discretion. In the context of value pluralism, judges navigate the conflict between modern, legalistic law and local values ??oriented toward social harmony, mutual cooperation, and respect for human dignity. The conclusion of this study confirms that substantive justice and the social legitimacy of the law can only be achieved if positive law is operationalized through the conscience of judges who are sensitive to humanitarian values ????and the social context of society. Just law is living law that is, law that does not stop at text, but continues to transform through moral, social, and interactional practices within society. Thus, in this case, the Surabaya Administrative Court (PTUN) serves as a concrete example of how the rule of law can be combined with a sense of justice, producing law that is not only normatively valid but also socially and morally meaningful.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Sudarti, Bonaventura Ngarawula, Tommy Hariyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Collaboration in Land Conflict Resolution
Land conflicts are often caused by a lack of coordination between the various parties involved, ranging from local communities and the government to law enforcement agencies. Uncertainty in land management and ownership triggers legal uncertainty that can impact social and economic stability in the region. When land does not have a clear or registered ownership status, communities do not have a strong legal basis to defend their claims. This often causes tension between individuals or groups, which ultimately has the potential to develop into physical conflict or even broader social escalation. This study uses a qualitative method with a sociological approach to law through case studies, which aims to determine whether collaborative governance can be applied in handling land conflicts with a multi-actor mediation approach in the city of Surabaya, namely: 1). Initial Conditions Dimension (system context) 2). Joint Engagement Process (principled engagement) 3). The process of agreeing on shared motivation 4). The process of utilizing capacity for joint action. To identify the factors behind multi-actor mediation in resolving land conflicts in the city of Surabaya, namely: a). Trust between actors. b). Distribution of power. c). Commitment to participate in the mediation process. The results of this study show that land conflicts in Surabaya are complex, multi-actor, and of high economic value. Land conflicts hinder development, increase costs, and damage reputation. The community wants legal certainty, justice, humane compensation/relocation, and a voice that is truly heard. Capacity in the form of land data, certificate legality, and technical teams; the obstacles are that the data is not yet integrated and human resources are limited. The resolution of land conflicts through multi-actor mediation in Surabaya is highly dependent on the capacity for joint action possessed and exercised by each party. The factors behind multi-actor mediation in resolving land conflicts in the city of Surabaya are: mediation of land conflicts in the city of Surabaya. The National Land Agency (BPN) emphasizes that trust is built through data transparency, consistency of rules, and neutrality. The central issue in land conflict mediation is the distribution of power. The imbalance of power, especially between companies with large capital, legal access, and political support on one side, and communities with limited resources on the other, is the main root of the conflict. Commitment is a determining factor in the success of land conflict mediation. All actors, including the BPN, notaries/PPAT, city government, NGOs, legal practitioners, and the community, emphasize that without commitment, mediation will only be a formality that does not substantively resolve conflicts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mijoto, Bonaventura Ngarawula, Tommy Hariyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Activity Sheets on the Application of the Four Fundamental Operations of Integers for Grade 7 Learners Using Open Approach
Low numeracy skills among learners, particularly in the difficulties with four fundamental operations of integers, remain a pressing issue in mathematics education. This action research aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of activity sheets using an open approach in enhancing the numeracy skills of Grade 7 learners. The study employed a quantitative research design with qualitative support involving 38 grade 7 learners. The intervention implemented activity sheets was developed using the ADDIE model, which integrated the open approach to promote a deeper understanding of integer operations. Analysis of the quantitative data revealed a significant increase in the mean scores from the pre-test to the post-test, supported by the high engagement scores and qualitative data indicating a comprehensive collaborative learning experience. This reveals that implementing open approach activity sheets is an effective intervention that significantly enhances mathematical skills and engagement, thus supporting the use of learner-centered methodologies to better prepare students for advanced topics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Robie B. Ellare, Douglas A. Salazar, Ariel O. Ellare https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Structured Reading-Supported Activity Sheets: A Strategy for Improving Grade 11 Learners' Performance in Business Mathematics
This study examined the effectiveness of activity sheets in Business Mathematics that integrate structured reading support and 21st-century skills to improve learners’ performance and problem-solving abilities. Designed to enhance knowledge construction, collaboration, and real-life problem-solving, the activity sheets were validated using the 21st Century Learning Design (21CLD) rubric, with feedback from evaluators for refinement. A total of 20 Grade 11 learners served as respondents, utilizing a 40-item achievement test and a problem-solving skills scale for pre- and post-intervention data collection. The subsequent statistical analysis revealed that the paired difference scores were non-normally distributed. Consequently, the non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was employed to maintain analytical rigor and assess improvements in performance. This test showed significant improvements in learners’ achievement (Z = ?2.657, p =.008) and problem-solving skills (Z = ?3.888, p =.001), with a notable shift in performance levels, reducing the number of beginning learners and increasing proficient and basic learners. Evaluators praised the activity sheets’ relevance to real-world business contexts and their promotion of collaboration and creativity, suggesting improvements such as alternative strategy prompts and enhanced data presentation. The findings support the integration of reading strategies into mathematics instruction to foster 21st-century competencies and deeper learning experiences, encouraging teachers to adopt similar approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rejoice Haim, Douglas A. Salazar, Ariel O. Ellare https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Square Root Maze with a Twist: Effects on Grade 9 Learners’ Achievement Levels in Radicals
This study investigated the effects of the Square Root Maze with a Twist (SRMT), a collaborative, game-based intervention, on the achievement levels and learning experiences of Grade 9 learners with low mathematics performance. The study employed a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control-group design. An experimental group engaged in SRMT for two weeks, while a control group received traditional remedial instruction. Quantitative analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in radicals achievement scores, either within or between groups. This finding is contextualized by the study's low statistical power due to small sample sizes. In contrast, qualitative data from learner journals and interviews showed that SRMT was highly effective in the affective domain. Thematic analysis revealed prominent themes of enhanced engagement, motivation, and the value of peer collaboration. Learners reported increased confidence and a strong preference for the game-based approach over traditional methods. The study concludes that while SRMT did not produce statistically significant achievement gains in this context, it holds considerable promise for improving learner motivation and engagement. The findings highlight the importance of considering affective outcomes alongside achievement scores when evaluating innovative pedagogical tools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sittie Anima D. Micawayan, Douglas A. Salazar, Ariel O. Ellare https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development and Evaluation of SSI Integrated STEM LAS in Flipped Classroom Setting
This study designed, validated, and evaluated SSI-integrated STEM Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) for Grade 10 Science on human evolution, structured around the 7E instructional model and a flipped classroom to develop the 4Cs through three sequential lessons. Expert validation rated the LAS highly in content, organization, design, and reliability (Cronbach’s ? = 0.70–0.99; S-CVI/Ave = 1.00), while pilot testing showed significant learning gains with medium normalized improvements (Hake’s g = 0.32–0.35) and very large effect sizes (Cohen’s d = 2.52–3.93). Student feedback indicated high engagement with interactive, collaborative, and multimedia activities, with suggestions for additional visuals, structured reflections, improved pacing, and more group-based tasks, supporting the LAS as effective, valid, and reliable tools aligned with the MATATAG Science Curriculum and offering potential for refinement and broader application.
Copyright (c) 2026 Janine C. Macaraya, Edna A. Nabua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Effectiveness of STEM, SSI, and Flipped Classroom Approaches to Improve Learning: A Meta-Analysis of Instructional Innovation
The flipped classroom approach, STEM-based instruction, and SSI-based instruction have all been shown to be effective education strategies. On the other hand, there is no evidence to suggest that the three can be combined successfully. Therefore, with this in mind, the purpose of this article is to examine the influence that integrating STEM education, SSI-based instruction, and the flipped classroom has on the learning outcomes of students. Access to databases was gained via searching through online journals, the majority of which were Scopus-indexed and dated from 2020 to 2025. Both the author's name and the year in which the study was published, the author's country, the intervention and control group, the duration of the intervention, the anxiety that was assessed, the mean and standard deviations of both the intervention group and the control group, and the effect size are included as inclusion criteria. The PRISMA diagram is used to describe the process of data extraction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Janine C. Macaraya, Generie Mae G. San Pablo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of COVID-19 Prevention and Control Policies: A Case Study at Dr. Dody Sardjoto Air Force Hospital, Makassar
The COVID-19 pandemic requires hospitals to implement infection prevention and control policies quickly, accurately, and consistently. This study aims to describe and analyze the implementation of Minister of Health Regulation Number HK.01.07/Menkes/413/2020 at the Air Force Hospital (RSAU), dr. Dody Sardjoto Makassar, particularly in efforts to control and prevent COVID-19. Using a qualitative approach with a case study design, data were collected through structured interviews, observations, and documentation studies of medical and non-medical personnel at RSAU. The study's results show that policy implementation was carried out through four main aspects: preparedness, operational policies and guidelines, early warning systems, and resource mobilization. The policy objectives were achieved due to the consistent implementation of health protocols, increased human resource capacity, and the availability of infrastructure, including COVID-19 isolation rooms. However, there were still obstacles, particularly resistance from some community members to COVID-19 testing and treatment. Supporting factors included inter-agency coordination, effective screening and surveillance mechanisms, and SOPs that were adapted to developments in the pandemic situation. Overall, the implementation of the policy has proven effective in suppressing the spread of COVID-19 in hospitals. This study emphasizes the importance of policy accuracy, strengthening resource capacity, and adapting SOPs as determinants of successful pandemic control in military health facilities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yoga Anggoro Seto, Tommy Hariyanto, Catur Wahyudi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of a Micro lesson using an Inquiry-Based LAS in a Flipped Classroom Setting for the Aral Program in Science 10
This study examined the validity, effectiveness, and learner perceptions of a microlesson using inquiry-based Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) in a flipped classroom setting focused on natural selection. Expert validation showed that the lesson plan obtained high mean validity ratings, indicating strengths in structure, clarity, real-life application, and promotion of higher-order thinking. However, content validity analysis revealed insufficient expert consensus, with all Content Validity Index (CVI) values below acceptable thresholds, highlighting the need for substantial revisions in SMART objective formulation, learner engagement, assessment alignment, cultural relevance, and instructional clarity, despite the instrument’s high reliability and consistent expert ratings. In contrast, the Learning Activity Sheet demonstrated excellent content validity, achieving unanimous expert agreement, perfect I-CVI and S-CVI/Ave values (1.00), and 100% inter-rater agreement, confirming its suitability for instructional use. The pre-test and post-test instruments were rated as highly valid and reliable in terms of organization, clarity, and relevance; nevertheless, moderate content validity suggested the need for refinement of selected items. Analysis of LAS Task 1 (HOTS–SOLO questions) indicated moderate and consistent student performance, while LAS Task 2 showed low to moderate performance with uniform difficulty across items, supporting the appropriateness of both tasks. Pretest–posttest results revealed statistically significant and educationally meaningful learning gains, with a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test result of Z = 2.37 (p = 0.0078) and a very large effect size (r = 0.89), indicating strong intervention impact. Learners reported positive perceptions of the microlesson, reflected in high ratings for concentration, value, interest, and enjoyment, supported by excellent reliability (? = 0.91). Thematic analysis of learner reflections showed achievement of core learning objectives, high engagement, and a desire for deeper exploration, with suggestions focused mainly on increased interactivity. Overall, the findings affirm the effectiveness of the microlesson while identifying targeted areas for improvement. These results support evidence-based refinement and classroom implementation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Janine C. Macaraya, Douglas A. Salazar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Revisiting Philosophical Foundations, Principles, Roles and Relevance of Gandhian Sarvodaya in Twenty First Century India: An Analysis
Mahatma Gadhi was not only a pioneering leader of the Indian independence movement but he was also a renowned social activist, reformer, and thinker as well. The truth (i.e., Satya) and non-violence (i.e., Ahimsa) are two inevitable elements of his overall ideology and philosophy. Mahatma Gandhi is widely recognized and regarded for his economic, social and political ideologies and thoughts. His contributions across different spheres of life are very relevant in the contemporary global society. The concept of Sarvodaya is the core of Gandhian ideology and philosophy. This concept has far reaching and overarching implications on social, economic, and political aspects of human beings. It is the Gandhian social philosophy that aims at the establishment of discrimination and disparity free society. It refers to the ideology that is meant with the welfare and wellbeing of all i.e., progress and prosperity of each and every human being existing on the earth. The contemporary society has been struggling with numerous social, economic and political challenges across the world. The Sarvodaya ideology has potential to transform discrimination based and disparity oriented society into an ideal society wherein everyone has equal rights and opportunities to progress and prosper irrespective of caste, creed, community or class to which one belongs. Thus, Gandhian Sarvodaya envisages about the establishment of an egalitarian society across the country. The Gandhian philosophy of Sarvodaya has remedy to all the problems prevailing across Indian society, provided it is implemented properly with commitment and sincerity. The ideology of Antyodaya [i.e., wellbeing of the weaker] introduced by Deen Daya Upadhayay is a part of the ideology of Sarvodaya [i.e., welfare of all]. These two ideologies ensure progress, prosperity and wellbeing of marginalized peoples of the society. This article is an attempt to review the philosophy and principles of Sarvodaya, and its role and relevance in the contemporary India society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Vinod Kumar Yadav, Dr. Tashi Phuntso, Dr. Vinod Kumar Yadav, Dr. Tashi Phuntso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Digital Literacy on Women’s Economic Empowerment in Rural Rajasthan
Focusing on Sustainable Development Goal 8 (SDG 8), which promotes decent work and economic growth, this study examines how digital literacy affects women's economic empowerment in rural Rajasthan. Even though digital technologies are becoming more widely used, rural women frequently encounter several obstacles when trying to access and use them for business purposes. The study examines how rural women's current levels of digital literacy affect their ability to access financial services, engage in entrepreneurship, and participate in income-generating activities. A mixed-methods approach was used to gather data from case studies, surveys, and structured interviews in a few chosen rural districts. The study identifies major obstacles to women's full digital inclusion, including inadequate training programs, sociocultural constraints, and limited infrastructure. Furthermore, a critical analysis is conducted of the role that government programs and non-governmental organizations play in improving women's digital literacy. Results show that through increasing job opportunities, facilitating market access, and promoting financial independence, better digital literacy greatly supports women's economic empowerment. In order to ensure inclusive and long-term economic growth in Rajasthan, the paper ends with suggestions for improving digital literacy initiatives geared toward rural women. This study adds to the larger conversation about digital inclusion and gender equality in rural India.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kinjal Anil Sharma, Dr. Bhawani Shankar Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Meditative Practices in Theravada Buddhism: A Path to Healing Psychological Disorders
In the modern era of technological, industrial, and political advancements, humanity has achieved significant material progress. However, this progress has not alleviated the pervasive mental distress and psychological disorders that characterize contemporary life. This paradox highlights the urgent need for holistic approaches to mental well-being, including spiritual and psychological development. The cultivation of the mind is central to Therav?da Buddhist practices, which offer transformative potential for alleviating mental suffering. The integration of Buddhist meditation techniques into modern therapeutic and clinical frameworks has provided new insights into the interplay between mental and physical health. Insight meditation and mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy have emerged as significant tools for managing stress and psychological disorders. The metaphor of healing is foundational within Buddhist teachings, where the Buddha is seen as a compassionate physician offering guidance to transcend suffering. Meditation in Therav?da Buddhism is a structured approach to training the mind, encompassing two interrelated systems: the development of serenity (Samatha) and the development of insight (Vipassan?). While serenity meditation fosters calmness and concentration, insight meditation cultivates wisdom to uproot greed, hatred, and delusion—the core causes of human suffering. Together, these practices aim to achieve liberation, defined as freedom from psychological and existential bondage. This study explores the role of Therav?da meditation as a holistic path to address stress-related disorders, focusing on its therapeutic mechanisms and relevance in modern contexts. By analyzing ancient practices and their application in contemporary mindfulness and psychotherapy, the research emphasizes the potential of Therav?da meditative practices in fostering resilience, alleviating mental distress, and promoting sustainable well-being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr.Surendra Kumar, Dr. Shweta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of the Policy on Electronic ID card Management Services in Ponorogo Regency
This research is to study complaints from the community regarding difficulty in applying for electronic ID cards. According to Ponorogo Regency Regulation Number 1 of 2018, Chapter X, Article 74, paragraph 1, the issuance of electronic ID cards or similar documents must be completed within 14 days after all documents are complete and received by the Ponorogo Regency Population and Civil Registration Office. The objectives of this study are (1) to describe and analyze the implementation of the electronic ID card application service policy in Ponorogo Regency based on Ponorogo Regency Regulation No. 1 of 2018. (2) To describe and analyze the factors that support and hinder the implementation of the electronic ID card service policy in Ponorogo Regency based on Ponorogo Regency Regulation Number 1 of 2018. This study employs Edward III's theory, utilizing indicators of communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. This study employs a qualitative descriptive research method, utilizing snowball sampling to select 10 informants. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the electronic ID card administration service policy in Ponorogo Regency has been carried out effectively, utilizing communication patterns, resources, and a straightforward bureaucratic structure that is easy to follow. The supporting factors for the electronic ID card administration service policy at the Ponorogo Regency Population and Civil Registration Office are direct and indirect communication, a proportional number of human resources providing services, sufficient budgetary resources, adequate equipment resources, clear, precise, and accurate policy disposition, and a simple bureaucracy that utilizes digital technology. The inhibiting factors include the lack of socialization within the community and frequent disruptions in the network system between the Ponorogo Regency Population and the Civil Registration Office and the center, which hinder the completion of the KTP-el service process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Damanuri, Sukardi, Wibisono Poespitohadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reframing Communicative Competence in the AI Era: A Conceptual Framework for Human-AI Communication in EFL Contexts
This article highlights the limitations of original Communicative Competence (Hymes, 1972; Canale & Swain, 1980) and proposes a new framework, AI-Mediated Communicative Competence, to capture emerging dynamics of AI-mediated communication. The framework draws on the Thai context, where English learners continue to face an examination-oriented learning system. This conceptual synthesis compiles recent studies on AI tools for English learning (Du & Daniel, 2024; Mingyan, Noordin, & Razali, 2025; Klímová, 2023; Yin et al., 2025) alongside research on Thai learners’ anxiety and confidence (Poonpon, 2017; Kitikanan & Sasimonton, 2017). These empirical findings inform the development of a framework that extends traditional Communicative Competence to align with digital-age learning. The synthesis shows that while AI tools can enhance skills such as fluency and accuracy, existing research does not yet provide systematic explanations of AI’s impact on discourse competence, strategic competence, and affective resilience. The proposed framework introduces five dimensions: AI-assisted grammatical competence, AI literacy as part of sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence under AI-mediated interaction, strategic competence for AI interaction, and affective resilience. Thailand is presented as a contextual case illustrating the need to adapt traditional Communicative Competence. The framework contributes to theory and practice by expanding Communicative Competence to address communication in the AI era and by offering insights for instructors and policymakers on balanced AI integration. Future research should conduct empirical investigations and develop hybrid competence assessment tools to validate the framework in authentic classroom settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Natthaya Thamdee, Phongphat Man-khongdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of the South Papua People's Assembly in Empowering Local Communities
Papua’s Special Autonomy framework formally mandates the South Papua People’s Council (Majelis Rakyat Papua Selatan/MRPS) to act as a cultural representative of Indigenous Papuans, yet community empowerment programs often remain disconnected from the lived socio-cultural realities of adat communities. This paper investigates the institutional role of MRPS in empowering the Muyu indigenous community through the implementation of an indigenous school (sekolah adat) in Boven Digoel Regency, and analyzes the forms and mechanisms of collaboration among actors that sustain the school’s operation. The study employs a qualitative approach with institutional ethnography, drawing on participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation with MRPS members, Muyu customary leaders, indigenous teachers, village government, the local Education Office, churches, NGOs, and community members. Data were analyzed through staged ethnographic procedures, including reduction, domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and the formulation of cultural themes. The findings demonstrate that MRPS operates not merely as a symbolic representative body, but performs three integrated institutional functions: cultural representation, policy and budget advocacy, and cultural oversight of the Muyu indigenous school. Through these functions MRPS acts as an institutional entrepreneur that bridges the gap between the formal rules of Special Autonomy and the living rules of the adat community, thereby securing normative, cognitive, and regulative legitimacy for the indigenous school. The study also shows that the Muyu indigenous school is embedded in a relatively nonhierarchical, multi-actor collaborative ecosystem, with MRPS as a bridging institution, customary leaders as holders of cultural authority, indigenous teachers as daily pedagogical agents, and village government, churches, NGOs, and the Education Office as structural and social supporters. Adat-based deliberation that is formalized into modern procedures, together with dual channels of formal and customary communication, creates a collaborative governance regime that generates a strong capacity for joint action. This study concludes that the sustainability and effectiveness of the Muyu indigenous school as a space for identity transmission, local knowledge protection, and community empowerment depend on the synergy between MRPS’s institutional role and a culturally rooted collaborative governance arrangement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marthen Luter O. Wambarop, Bonaventura Ngarawula, Tommy Hariyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Quantitative Analysis of Over-Schooling and Early Childhood Development
This study investigated the effects of over-schooling on early childhood development, with a specific focus on behavioural, cognitive, and social domains. Guided by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory and developmental readiness perspectives, the research employed a descriptive survey design with a sample of 350 respondents (parents, teachers, administrators, and community stakeholders). Data were collected using a structured 4-point Likert-scale questionnaire. Analysis using ANOVA and descriptive statistics revealed that over-schooling significantly affects behavioural outcomes (F = 5.62, p < 0.05), cognitive development (F = 7.84, p < 0.01), and social relationships (F = 6.47, p < 0.05). The findings demonstrate that excessive academic pressure, extended school hours, and limited play opportunities compromise children’s attention spans, creativity, and family bonding. The study concludes that while academic learning is crucial, over-schooling disrupts holistic development. It recommends balanced curricula, policy reforms limiting excessive schooling, and increased parental and community engagement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Chukwunedum Joseph Ikenyiri. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Algebra Walk as a Classroom Activity: Effects on the Achievement and Motivation Levels of Grade 8 Learners in Algebra
This quantitative study examined the effects of the Algebra Walk as a classroom activity on the achievement and motivation levels of Grade 8 learners in graphing linear equations. Two groups participated: an experimental group exposed to the Algebra Walk and a control group was taught using traditional paper-and-pencil activities. A researcher-made, validated achievement test and a motivation questionnaire were administered before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired samples t-test, independent samples t-test, ANCOVA, and thematic analysis for qualitative responses. Results revealed that while both groups improved significantly, the experimental group demonstrated higher posttest scores (M = 28.18, SD = 5.35) and gain scores (M = 14.25, SD = 5.72) compared with the control group (M = 22.46, SD = 5.42; gain score M = 8.61). Motivation findings showed higher ratings in intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, utility value, and test anxiety for the experimental group. ANCOVA confirmed a significant effect of the intervention on achievement after controlling for pretest scores. These results indicate that the Algebra Walk is an effective strategy in enhancing both achievement and motivation in algebra.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jullie Anne C. Briosos, Dr. Douglas A. Salazar, Dr. Alexis Michael B. Oledan, Mary Joy F. Luga, Joan Rose T. Luib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leading with AI: Exploring the influence of AI-enhanced leadership on employee
Purpose This study aims to investigate the influence of AI-enhanced leadership on employee well-being in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It examine the mediating role of perceived fairness of AI. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative study was conducted using data collected from a survey of 104 professionals in Tunisia, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. This research applied the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique to test the proposed conceptual framework. Findings The results show that AI-augmented leadership has a positive impact on employee well-being. This relationship is partially mediated by perceptions of AI fairness. Originality/value This research is among the first to empirically explore the intersection between AI technologies, leader behavior, and employee well-being in the underinvestigated context of the MENA region. It proposes a regionally based, human-centered model of technology leadership, thus addressing the pressing need for ethical and inclusive AI adoption frameworks in public and private organizations undergoing digital transformation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zeineb ESSID https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Entrepreneurship for Self-Reliance: Examining the role of Perceived Desirability in the relationship between Social Capital and Entrepreneurial Resilience among small business owners in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
This study examined the mediating role of perceived desirability in the relationship between social capital and entrepreneurial resilience among small business owners in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Cross-sectional research approach was used and a total of 384 comprising 77 (46.1%) males and 207 (53.9%) females within the age range of 20 – 70 years and mean age of 43.00(SD=9.08) participants were selected through a multi-stage sampling technique for the study. Perceived Social Capital Scale, perceived Desirability and Entrepreneurial resilience Scales were used for data collection. Results showed that there is a significant indirect effect of family social capital on entrepreneurial resilience through perceived desirability (?=8186; BootSE=.1668; 95%CI (.4932 to 1.1481). The results also revealed that there is a significant indirect effect of community social capital on entrepreneurial resilience through perceived desirability (?=6446; BootSE=.1024; 95%CI (.4520 to .8494). Furthermore, the relationship between perceived peer social capital and entrepreneurial resilience was mediated by perceived desirability (?=.7052; BootSE=.0909; 95%CI (.3361 to .6900). It was concluded that perceived desirability is a significant factor that strengthen the relationship between perceived social capital and entrepreneurial resilience among small business owners in Nasarawa State. Based on the findings, it was recommended that Family and peer support should be integrated into entrepreneurship development programmes. It was also recommended that boosting of community-based entrepreneurial initiatives is highly recommended to aid knowledge and resources sharing among small business owners for the survival of their businesses. If this is done there will be substantial increase in the number of surviving business especially when these entrepreneurial activities are perceived by the business owners to be worthwhile ventures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Stephen Simon Anshir , Stephen Aklome Azizi , Oluwafemi Ebenezer Ayorinde , Hannatu Umar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Teachers' Competence on Student Learning outcomes: Study of Teacher Development Program
Teacher competence is widely recognized as a key factor in promoting student achievement. However, this study in Public Secondary School revealed contrasting patterns. Correlation analysis showed a strong negative relationship between measured teacher competence and student academic performance (r = –0.63, p < 0.001). While this indicates a significant association, the negative direction suggests that high competence scores, as measured by PPST indicators, did not correspond to higher student outcomes. This mismatch may reflect gaps between formal standards and the realities of student learning needs. By contrast, students’ perceptions of teacher competence demonstrated a weak but significant positive correlation with performance (r = 0.22, p = 0.01). Although weak, this result highlights the motivational role of perceived teacher effectiveness, suggesting that students who view their teachers as competent are more likely to engage and achieve better academically. This underscores the importance of relational and affective dimensions of teaching, beyond technical skills alone. Qualitative findings pointed to barriers such as workload, limited training, and lack of institutional support. These issues may limit the translation of competence into learning gains. Thus, the proposed Teacher Development and Instructional Impact Program (TDIIP) aims to align competence with inclusive pedagogy and student-centered practices. The study concludes that competence alone does not determine achievement; perceptions and systemic supports are equally critical.
Teacher Development and Instructional Impact Program (TDIIP)
Copyright (c) 2025 Janett P. Monsanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Factors Influence the Poverty in the Districts of West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia
The aims of this research is to investigate and analyze the effects of economic growth, average length of schooling, open unemployment rate, and total population on the poverty rate in the districts or cities of West Nusa Tenggara Province. The method used is panel data regression using a combination of time series data from 10 districts/cities and cross-sectional data from 2016 to 2022. There are three models in panel data regression: PLS, FEM, and REM. Based on the Hausman test, the model used in this study is the Random Effect Model (REM). The results of the research indicate that simultaneously, economic growth, education, unemployment, and population significantly affect the poverty rate. Partially, economic growth and average length of schooling have a negative effect, while the population has a positive effect on the poverty rate. However, the open unemployment rate variable does not have a significant effect on the poverty rate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muryani , Larasati. A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment in Africa’s Economic Growth: The Mediating Role of Financial Development
Foreign direct investment (FDI) and the development of domestic financial systems are two key factors influencing growth in many countries worldwide. This study investigates the impact of FDI on the economic growth of African countries with emphasis on the mediating role of financial development. The study examines 43 African Countries over a period spanning from 2010 to 2024 using longitudinal data. The study employs Fixed Effects Regression analysis based on the results of the Hausman Test conducted. The results indicate that FDI exhibits a statistically insignificant negative relationship with economic growth. Also, the effect of financial development on economic growth is negative and significant. However, the interaction coefficient between FDI and financial development exhibited a positive, albeit non-significant, impact on the economic growth of African Countries. The study recommends implementing policies to deepen financial markets in African countries. Additionally, policymakers should de-emphasise the FDI volume inflows. Instead, governments should target productive and technology-intensive FDI that focuses on sectors like manufacturing, renewable energy, and ICT. Finally, African country governments should invest in Human Capital to strengthen the strong positive link between human capital, productivity and growth, through increased investment in education, technical skills, and healthcare.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raymond Osi Alenoghena, Segun Amos Adewale, Abayomi Oluwaseun Japinye, Godwin Dele Imohi, Joseph Omoniyi Oluwadamilare https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Resource-Sharing Initiatives and Conflict Resolution in Baringo County, Kenya
The main objective of the study was to establish the influence of resource-sharing initiatives on conflict resolution in Baringo County, Kenya. The study was anchored on Resource-Based View Theory. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. The target population of the study comprised all 419 individuals comprising County Government Executive officers, Sub-County Administrators, County Security Committee member, County Peace Forum members, County Interfaith Forum members, Assistant County Commissioners, Chiefs and Chairpersons of Nyumba Kumi Elders. Using statistical formula, a sample of 136 elements was obtained and which was allocated proportionately. Thereafter, simple random sampling technique was used. This study used questionnaires in collecting data from the respondents. The researcher undertook a pilot test on 14 respondents in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The collected data was analyzed descriptively and inferentially with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The study established that resource-sharing initiatives had a weak and positive correlation with conflict resolution and that resource-sharing initiatives had no statistically significant influence on conflict resolution. The study recommended the need for relevant agencies to establish and sustain targeted programs aimed at addressing resource marginalization. We also recommend the need for both the national and county government to develop joint community empowerment programs and activities implemented with direct community participation. Further, we recommend the need for both national and county governments to have deliberate and targeted plans for developing physical infrastructure and other support infrastructure in a manner that opens up these regions to development activities. We also recommend the need for increased government presence, increased number of police stations and other supporting amenities. Finally, we recommend the need for government agencies to allocate targeted funding, planned and developed by the communities so as to align community aspirations and needs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Stephen Sangolo Kutwa, Dr. Josphat Kwasira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Increasing Work Productivity supported by Job Opportunities, Work Ability, and Motivation of Indonesian Air Force members
This study aims to analyze the influence of opportunity, ability, and work motivation on the work productivity of members at the Indonesian Air Force Headquarters (Mabes AU) in Jakarta. The background of this study is based on the importance of improving the quality of human resources as a key factor in achieving organizational success in the face of global challenges. The research method employed is a quantitative approach, utilizing a causal-comparative research design with an explanatory framework. The research population comprises all 45 members of the Jakarta Air Force Headquarters; therefore, this study employs a census method. Data were collected through questionnaires that had been tested for validity and reliability and analyzed using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS version 25 software. The results of the study indicate that simultaneously, the variables of opportunity, ability, and work motivation have a significant effect on the work productivity of members of the Jakarta Air Force Headquarters. These three variables also have a positive and significant impact on work productivity. Of the three independent variables, work motivation has been proven to have the most dominant effect on increasing the work productivity of members. This indicates that internal and external individual motivation at work is a significant factor influencing overall organizational performance. The findings of this study have practical implications for the leadership of the Indonesian Air Force Headquarters in Jakarta, emphasizing the importance of providing fair employment opportunities, developing capabilities through training, and enhancing work motivation to create a productive and highly competitive work environment. Theoretically, the results of this study reinforce human resource management studies on the relationship between opportunity, ability, and motivation and work productivity. They can serve as a reference for further research in the context of military and government organizations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roystan Riedma Arthapraya, Mokhamad Natsir, Bambang Supriadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digitalization and Poverty Reduction in the Era of Regional Integration: A Review of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
In the era of digital transformation and deepening global interconnectivity, the nexus between digital governance, regional infrastructural integration, and poverty reduction presents growing policy relevance. This review synthesizes theoretical and empirical literatures around digitalization, poverty alleviation, and the CPEC initiatives linking China and Pakistan. It argues that CPEC’s infrastructural and governance investments provide an illustrative case of “regionalization where corridor driven infrastructure, institutional reform, and digital platforms converge to reshape developmental trajectories. The review identifies three key literatures: (i) digitalization and inclusive development (ii) regional corridor and value-chain integration, and (iii) poverty reduction mechanisms in developing contexts. Through a thematic analysis, the paper highlights how digitalization operates as a multiplier of infrastructural investments and governance reform in the CPEC context, yet also reveals enduring governance, geography and equity related bottlenecks. It concludes by offering a research agenda for future inquiry and policy implications for governments engaged in digital infrastructure led regional integration.
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Policy;
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Azher Iqbal, Muhammad Tayyab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Raising Female Labour Force Participation in India: An Economic Imperative for Inclusive Growth
This paper analyses the trends and determinants of female labour force participation (FLFP) in India, using Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data from 2017–18 to 2022–23. Despite educational gains and demographic advantages, India’s FLFP remains among the lowest globally. The study identifies structural, social, and policy-level barriers inhibiting women’s entry into the workforce. It argues that enhancing FLFP is critical not only for gender equity but also for economic growth and inclusive development. The paper concludes with recommendations for expanding formal employment, improving childcare infrastructure, and addressing deep-rooted social norms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anju Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SPATIO-TEMPORAL TRENDS, CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE-INDUCED MIGRATION IN OBI AND DOMA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA, 2015-2024
The study examined the dynamics; (trends, causes and effects) of conflict-induced migration in the selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Obi and Doma of Nasarawa State. Environmental determinism theory provided the theoretical frameworks. Research survey design was applied while purposive sampling technique was adopted to select the study area based on the status rural-urban status of the two LGAs. Stratified sampling method was used to select the sampled population. Quantitative method of data collection was adopted via the administration questionnaire; 60 and 90 respondents were systematically sampled in Obi and Doma LGAs, respectively, totalling 150. Qualitative methods of a one-time focus group discussions (FGDs) session, involving eight (8) randomly selected volunteered residents, comprising five (5) males and three (3) females and in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with an elderly stakeholder in each of the two LGAs. Quantitative data were analysed and presented in frequences, percentages, charts, chi-squares and Pearsons’ Correlation while the qualitative data were transcribed and content analysed. Migration dynamics showed that majority of the respondents had their household members migrated due to climate change conflict-induced migration, the flow and direction were majorly towards the North and destination, Lafia. Reverse out-migration was reported scanty and reason for returning was mainly, ‘improved security.’ Drought (80.0%) and overgrazing (33.3%) were reported as causative factors of climate change conflict-induced migration. Household income (75.0%), livelihood sustainability (40.9%), agricultural workforce (53.3%) and farms and properties (90.0%) were affirmed as the consequential effects of climate change conflict-induced migration. Temporary migration (92.0%) and government policy (83.3%) were agreed as coping mechanisms for climate change conflict-induced migration. It was therefore, recommended that government should provide mitigation and coping strategies to cushion the devastating effects of climate change while adequate security should be provided to avoid farmer-herder conflict in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2025 LEO Abejide, Fatima Sidi Sani, Suleiman Kasimu , Abubakar Alhassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Appraisal System and Valorization of Academic Research in Chartered Universities in Kenya
The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of performance appraisal system on valorization of academic research in chartered universities in Kenya. We employed an explanatory research design and targeted all 5,138 lecturers. Using statistical formula, a sample size of 372 respondents was obtained. Quantitative data was obtained using self-administered questionnaires while an interview schedule was used to collect data from key informants. Data collected was analyzed with aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences and the findings presented in tables. It was established that performance appraisal system had a strong and positive correlation with valorization of academic research. The study concluded that performance appraisal system significantly influenced valorization of academic research. The study recommended the need establishment of standard university metrics for valorization so as to stimulate and enhance the valorization agenda.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peter Kiprotich Cheruiyot, Dr. Kabare Karanja, Dr. Daniel Wanyoike https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Leadership of Kyai as the Caretaker of Islamic Boarding Schools in Building Social Piety
This study examines in depth the role of Kiai leadership in shaping the social piety of students at the Miftahul Ulum Bettet Islamic Boarding School in Pamekasan, Madura. The background of this research is based on the importance of the position of Islamic boarding schools as Islamic educational institutions that focus not only on the transmission of religious knowledge but also on character formation and social piety. In the socio-cultural context of Madura, kiai are not only religious educators but also role models and cultural brokers who are able to bridge Islamic values ??with local traditions. However, modernization and globalization present new challenges, coupled with declining public trust due to cases involving certain clerics. This phenomenon demands further research on how kiai leadership remains relevant and contributes positively to society. This study uses a qualitative approach with a social definition paradigm, through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies. Data analysis was conducted using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana, which includes data condensation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research focused on the kiai leadership model, character education strategies, the kiai's role as a cultural intermediary, and the challenges and dynamics of Islamic boarding schools in responding to modern developments. The results showed that the kiai's leadership at the Miftahul Ulum Bettet Islamic Boarding School is centralistic and participatory. Centralism is evident in the kiai's full authority to maintain traditions, make strategic decisions, and serve as the primary moral reference. Meanwhile, participatory behavior is present through the involvement of students, ustadz, the Islamic boarding schooln family, and the community in educational and socio-religious activities. The kiai acts as a cultural broker who is able to bridge Islamic teachings with local Madurese culture, thus creating a moderate, tolerant, and inclusive social piety among the students. This social piety is reflected in the students' ability to live in harmony, respect each other, and contribute positively to society. However, the research also identified several obstacles faced by the Islamic boarding school. Excessive dependence on the kiai figure has the potential to create a leadership bottleneck that slows leadership regeneration. The hierarchical culture and seniority sometimes result in excessive disciplinary practices and even the potential for violence. Furthermore, the dominant learning methods of lectures and memorization limit the opportunities for students to actualize social values ??in real life. Other challenges include limited management and human resources within Islamic boarding schools, as well as the increasingly complex demands of modernization and globalization.
Participation Center and Modern Islamic Boarding School
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad, Bonaventura Ngarawula, Mohammad Roseli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0